Janet and elaborated by Breuer and myself". Prior to that date, Freud had freely acknowledged his debt to Janet, particularly in his work with Josef Breuer, writing for example of "the theory of hysterical phenomena first put forward by P. Janet holds that it is only possible where there is an abnormal weakness, and consequently a defect of unifying or coordinating power."Ĭontroversy over whose ideas came first, Janet's or Sigmund Freud's, emerged at the 1913 Congress of Medicine in London. James was apparently fascinated by these manifestations and said, "How far the splitting of the mind into separate conciousnesses may obtain in each one of us is a problem. James made note of various aspects of automatism and the apparent multiple personalities ("two selves") of patients variously exhibiting "trances, subconscious states" or alcoholic delirium tremens. Janet's observations of " hysterical somnambulist" patients at Havre Hospital, detailed in Janet's 1889 doctorate of letters thesis, De l'Automatisme Psychologique. In his 1890 essay The Hidden Self, William James wrote of P. Īccording to Janet, neurosis could be seen as a failure to integrate, or a regression to earlier tendencies, and he defined subconsciousness as "an act which has kept an inferior form amidst acts of a higher level". He detailed four "lower tendencies", rising from the "reflexive" to the "elementary intellectual" two "middle tendencies", involving language and the social world and three "higher tendencies", the "rational-ergotic" world of work, and the "experimental and progressive tendencies". Janet established a developmental model of the mind in terms of a hierarchy of nine "tendencies" of increasingly complex organisational levels. In its concern for the construction of the personality in social terms, this model has been compared to the social behaviorism of George Herbert Mead something which explains Lacan's early praise of "Janet, who demonstrated so admirably the signification of feelings of persecution as phenomenological moments in social behaviour". The 20th century saw Janet developing a grand model of the mind in terms of levels of energy, efficiency and social competence, which he set out in publications including Obsessions and Psychasthenia (1903) and From Anguish to Ecstasy (1926), among others. His study of the "magnetic passion" or "rapport" between the patient and the hypnotist anticipated later accounts of the transference phenomenon. Janet was one of the first people to allege a connection between events in a subject's past life and their present-day trauma, and coined the words " dissociation" and " subconscious". He was a member of the Institut de France from 1913, and was a central figure in French psychology in the first half of the 20th century. In 1898, Janet was appointed lecturer in psychology at the Sorbonne, and in 1902 he attained the chair of experimental and comparative psychology at the Collège de France, a position he held until 1936. He earned a degree in medicine the following year in 1893. He first published the results of his research in his philosophy thesis in 1889 and in his medical thesis, L'état mental des hystériques, in 1892. Janet studied under Jean-Martin Charcot at the Psychological Laboratory in the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris.
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